A klystron is a specialized linearbeam vacuum tube evacuated electron tube the name klystron comes from the stem form. Performance evaluation of klystron beam focusingsystem with. In fact, according to kek injector operating statistics during. In wikipedia it says that, the electrons are fired into one end of the tube by an electron gun. It covers basics of klystron and magnetron and mention difference between them. Reflex klystron telecommunications engineering mechanics.
Microwave engineering reflex klystron tutorialspoint. A reflex klystron consists of an electron gun, a cavity with a pair of grids and a repeller plate as shown in the above diagram. Hannurkar raja ramanna centre for advanced technology, indore, india. Slacpub16466 increasing klystron efficiency using com and. The multi cavity klystron consist of a glass envelope in which there is an electron gun composed of heater and cathode. The klystron slac national accelerator laboratory stanford. Modelbased klystron linearization in the swissfel test facility. Reflex klystron free download as powerpoint presentation. This page on klystron vs magnetron describes difference between klystron and magnetron. Ec6712optical and microwave laboratory varuvan vadivelan.
Model 2051 klystron mounts are meant for mounting corresponding klystrons such as 2k25, 723ab, 726a or. Difference between two cavity klystron and reflex klystron get the answers you need, now. Klystron a power amplifier tube used to amplify weak microwave energy provided by a radio frequency exciter to a high power level for a radar transmitter. Modern semiconductor technology has effectively replaced the reflex klystron in most applications. Klystron power supply, klystron tube, isolator, frequency meter, variable attenuator, detector mount. Multicavity klystron october 27, 2017 january 22, 2020 creatives at backward wave oscillators, multicavity klystron, multicavity magnetron, power and efficiency, traveling wave tube twt klystrons. Mar 14, 2017 first, you need to determine what your need for a klystron is. Electrons in a klystron are accelerated to a controlled speed by the application of several hundred volts. In this klystron, a single pair of grids does the functions of both the buncher and the catcher grids. The electrons are originally accelerated to high velocity by a potential of several hundred volts and enter a narrow gap that forms part of a cavity resonator system see. Slacpub16466 increasing klystron efficiency using com. The klystron beam focusing system is one of the key components in the whole system.
To study the characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its electronic tuning range. This microwave generator, is a klystron that works on reflections and oscillations in a single cavity, which has a variable frequency. There is a tuneable cavity which adjusts the position of the potential. The brothers russell and sigurd varian of stanford university are the. Klystron amplification, power output, and efficiency can be greatly improved by the addition of intermediate cavities between the input and output cavities of the basic klystron. Moreover it uses repeller inplace of catcher cavity. The electronic tuning range of the reflex klystron is usually referred to as the variation in frequency between half power pointsthe points in the oscillating mode where the power output is half the maximum output in the mode. Increasing klystron efficiency using com and bac tuning and application to the 5045 klystron aaron jensen, andy haase, erik jongewaard, mark kemp and jeff neilson technology and innovation. Klystron, thermionic electron tube that generates or amplifies microwaves by controlling the speed of a stream of electrons. A klystron is a specialized linearbeam vacuum tube, invented in 1937 by american electrical engineers russell and sigurd varian, which is used as an amplifier for high radio frequencies, from uhf up into the microwave range. Reflex klystron working free download as powerpoint presentation. The electrons are originally accelerated to high velocity by a potential of several.
Klystron multi cavity klystron, reflex klystron, working. Microwave engineering cavity klystron for the generation and amplification of microwaves, there is a need of some special tubes called as microwave tubes. Figure 1 illustrates the data of a klystron in the swissfel test facility and the tted model from 1. Radio transmitters was published in 1961 by engineers at the laboratory of itt. The principle of velocityvariation, first used in heil oscillators, was also used in other microwave amplifying and oscillating tubes. Another tube based on velocity modulation, and used to generate microwave energy, is the reflex klystron figure 29. Modelbased klystron linearization in the swissfel test. Klystron production is now proceeding at tubes per month. Mode 1 is obtained when the repeller voltage produces an electron transit time of 34 cycle.
Pdf lowfrequency klystron for accelerator applications. Download ebook pdf radio transmitters tube power rf. The larger klystrons, with more than two resonant cavities, develop much higher gain and operate with greater efficiency. To study the characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its. A klystron is a specialized linearbeam vacuum tube, invented in 1937 by american electrical. The stabilizing system has a holding range of several megacycles which permits the sweeping of the reference crystal oscillator.
A klystron is a specialized linearbeam vacuum tube, invented in 1937 by american electrical engineers russell and sigurd varian, which is used as an amplifier for high radio frequencies, from uhf up into. A microwave source of surprising range and endurance pdf. Additional cavities serve to velocitymodulate the electron beam and produce an increase in the energy available at the output. It has two microwave cavity resonators the catcher and the buncher. A klystron tube makes use of speedcontrolled streams of electrons that. Download fulltext pdf lowfrequency klystron for accelerator applications article pdf available in ieee transactions on nuclear science 243. Typical operational problems with a klystron input drive power is too low and klystron is not saturated although this is required if the tube is included in a feedback loop reduced output power, efficiency. The conventional vacuum tubes, such as triodes, tetrodes, and pentodes, are still used as signal sources of low output. Spontaneou s emission and gain are theo retically studied as functio n of electron. If, on the other hand, free charges are present in the gun volume, the value of c 1 will be changed from the value. Several effects limiting the gain enhancement are calculate d. Cavity of a repeller klystron another tube based on velocity modulation, and used to generate microwave energy, is the reflex klystron repeller klystron. Reflex klystron working, oscillator and applegate diagram youtube.
Experiment4 study of the characteristics of the klystron tube. Also improved british variants, as cv67 and cv35, were released by november. The losses due to circuit factors can be reduced by a judicious use of the microwave. The dependence of these characteristics on the beam current, beam voltage, re flector voltage. A computational model of a buncher cavity for millimetric klystron following a multiphysics approach is proposed in this paper. Performance evaluation of klystron beam focusingsystem. After the electron gun there are two focusing electrodes used to keep the electron beam in the center around the glass envelope. Klystron works on the principle of velocity modulation of electrons. The reflex klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron beam into. To study the characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine the its electronic tuning range.
A klystron is basically a vacuum tube with input and output structures replaced with resonant cavities known as buncher cavity and catcher cavity. Performance characteristics of the cebaf klystron amplifier. Typical operational problems with a klystron input drive power is too low and klystron is not saturated although this is required if the tube is included in a feedback loop reduced output power, efficiency, and increased output power amplitude jitter wrong cathode filament current wrong perveance. Reflex klystron or gunn diode characteristics and basic microwave parameter. The general construction of the reflex klystron oscillator and a two. The klystron is the ubiquitous source of rf power in accelerators today. In fact, according to kek injector operating statistics during 10 years in 2000s, the failures in focusing solenoids were the most frequent reasons to exchange klystron assemblies among the other. This model describes the saturation and oversaturation characteristics of a klystron for constant high voltage. A klystron tube makes use of speedcontrolled streams of electrons that pass through a resonating cavity. The reflex klystron contains a reflector plate, referred to as.
The optical klystron is a modificatio n of the undulato r which can be used to improve the gain in a free electro n laser. The reflex klystron operates in a different mode for each additional cycle that the electrons remain in the repeller field. Define reflex klystrons, some characteristics and applications. If you need an oscillator, a reflex tube will work fine, but it is old school technology. First, you need to determine what your need for a klystron is. In an earlier communication on high resolution microwave spectroscopy27 we described a spectrograph using a phasestabilized klystron oscillator as a local oscillator in the detection system.
Klystron amplification, power output, and efficiency can be greatly improved by the addition of intermediate cavities between the input and output cavities of the basic. In klystron strong electrostatic fields are required for its operation efficiently. A klystron is characterized by high power, large size, high stability, high gain, and high operating voltages. The application for klystron with integral cavities is usually credited in the early 1939 to hahn and metcalf and to russell and sigurd varian, two brothers that. Oct 01, 2014 microwave linearbeam tubes 0 type 90 introduction we turn now to a quantitative and qualitative analysis of several conventional vac uum tubes and microwave tubes in common use. Klystron article about klystron by the free dictionary. The electronic tuning range of the reflex klystron is usually referred to as the variation in frequency between half power pointsthe points in the oscillating mode where the power output is. I have a doubt on how exactly a reflex klystron worksas an rf source. The difference between reflex and twomulti cavity klystron is that, reflex klystron uses single cavity for modulationdemodulation. The klystron was the first embodiment of the velocity modulation principle. To study the mode characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its electronic tuning range. Abstract the design and simulation of a multibeam reentrant type cavity with four beams is presented for a 350 mhz, 250 kw cw klystron. The main difference between two cavity reflex klystron amplifier. Klystron power supply, klystron tube, isolator, frequency meter, variable attenuator, detector mount, waveguide stand, vswr meter and bnc cable.
In the a transmitter setup, a klystron produces 3 cm. Characteristics of a reflectiontype microwave modulator. Then rel asked rogers to make improved copies of the only klystron available and certainly working at the time, the. Microwave engineering cavity klystron tutorialspoint.
The excellent book on transmitters that offer contains 467 pages of information in english about transmitters. Difference between two cavity klystron and reflex klystron. It is given the name reflex klystron because of its reflex action of electron beam. The reflex klystron contains a reflector plate, referred to as the. If the repeller plate voltage is changed to be less negative in the same mode, the reactance. In this klystron, a single pair of grids does the functions of both the buncher and. Increasing klystron efficiency using com and bac tuning and application to the 5045 klystron aaron jensen, andy haase, erik jongewaard, mark kemp and jeff neilson technology and innovation directorate slac national accelerator laboratory menlo park, ca, usa, 94025 abstract. The schematic diagram of a reflex klystron tube is shown in fig.
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